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1.
Pak J Biol Sci ; 24(11): 1169-1174, 2021 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1542850

RESUMEN

<b>Background and Objective:</b> In recent years, respiratory tract viral infections have caused many pandemics that impact the whole world. To investigate the seropositivity of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, rubella, CMV, HSV-1 and group A <i>Streptococcus</i> in recovered COVID-19 patients and correlate these findings with vitamin D levels. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 417 COVID-19 patients with diarrhoea were enrolled in this study. Vitamin D and seroprevalence for <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, rubella, CMV, HSV-1 and group A <i>Streptococcus</i> were evaluated and correlated. <b>Results:</b> It was found that recent infection in COVID-19 patients with HSV-1, rubella, <i>Toxoplasma</i> and CMV, respectively. IgG was detected indicating the development of adaptive immunity with all microbes. <b>Conclusion:</b> Current study detected a correlation between vitamin D levels and HSV-1 and no correlation between this infection and vitamin D deficiency with the other microbes.


Asunto(s)
Prueba Serológica para COVID-19 , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Calcifediol/sangre , Herpes Simple/diagnóstico , Herpesvirus Humano 1/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , COVID-19/sangre , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/inmunología , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/sangre , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Femenino , Herpes Simple/sangre , Herpes Simple/epidemiología , Herpes Simple/inmunología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prevalencia , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/sangre , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/diagnóstico , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/epidemiología , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/inmunología , Virus de la Rubéola/inmunología , Arabia Saudita/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/sangre , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/inmunología , Streptococcus/inmunología , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis/sangre , Toxoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis/inmunología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología
2.
PLoS One ; 16(8): e0249484, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1379827

RESUMEN

The human adaptive immune system must generate extraordinary diversity to be able to respond to all possible pathogens. The T-cell repertoire derives this high diversity through somatic recombination of the T-cell receptor (TCR) locus, a random process that results in repertoires that are largely private to each individual. However, factors such as thymic selection and T-cell proliferation upon antigen exposure can affect TCR sharing among individuals. By immunosequencing the TCRß variable region of 426 healthy individuals, we find that, on average, fewer than 1% of TCRß clones are shared between individuals, consistent with largely private TCRß repertoires. However, we detect a significant correlation between increased HLA allele sharing and increased number of shared TCRß clones, with each additional shared HLA allele contributing to an increase in ~0.01% of the total shared TCRß clones, supporting a key role for HLA type in shaping the immune repertoire. Surprisingly, we find that shared antigen exposure to CMV leads to fewer shared TCRß clones, even after controlling for HLA, indicative of a largely private response to major viral antigenic exposure. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that increased age is correlated with decreased overall TCRß clone sharing, indicating that the pattern of private TCRß clonal expansion is a general feature of the T-cell response to other infectious antigens as well. However, increased age also correlates with increased sharing among the lowest frequency clones, consistent with decreased repertoire diversity in older individuals. Together, all of these factors contribute to shaping the TCRß repertoire, and understanding their interplay has important implications for the use of T cells for therapeutics and diagnostics.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos HLA/inmunología , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Virosis/inmunología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Enfermedad Crónica , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad/métodos , Humanos
3.
J Infect Dis ; 225(3): 443-452, 2022 02 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1307535

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Evaluating age as a risk factor for susceptibility to infectious diseases, particularly coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is critical. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) serologic prevalence increases with age and associates with inflammatory-mediated diseases in the elderly. However, little is known regarding the subclinical impact of CMV and risk it poses to healthy older adults. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic we conducted a study to determine the association of CMV to biologic age and immune dysregulation. METHODS: Community-dwelling, healthy adults older than 60 years were evaluated using DNA methylation assays to define epigenetic age (EpiAge) and T-cell immunophenotyping to assess immune dysregulation. RESULTS: All subjects were healthy and asymptomatic. Those CMV seropositive had more lymphocytes, CD8 T cells, CD28- T cells, decreased CD4:CD8 cell ratios, and had higher average EpiAge (65.34 years) than those CMV seronegative (59.53 years). Decreased percent CD4 (P = .003) and numbers of CD4 T cells (P = .0199) correlated with increased EpiAge. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel findings distinguish altered immunity in the elderly based on CMV status. Chronic CMV infection in healthy, older adults is associated with indicators of immune dysregulation, both of which correlate to differences in EpiAge.


Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Epigénesis Genética , Anciano , Infecciones Asintomáticas , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Metilación de ADN , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad
4.
Viruses ; 13(7)2021 06 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1289029

RESUMEN

In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still exhibit increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Such differences in health outcomes are related to higher risk behaviors, but also to HIV-related immune activation and viral coinfections. Among these coinfections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection is a well-known inducer of long-term immune dysregulation. Cytomegalovirus contributes to the persistent immune activation in PLWH receiving ART by directly skewing immune response toward itself, and by increasing immune activation through modification of the gut microbiota and microbial translocation. In addition, through induction of immunosenescence, CMV has been associated with a decreased response to infections and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of CMV on the immune system, the mechanisms underlying a reduced response to vaccines, and discuss new therapeutic advances targeting CMV that could be used to improve vaccine response in PLWH.


Asunto(s)
Coinfección/virología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Vacunas/inmunología , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/patología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/virología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunosenescencia , Inflamación , Infección Latente/inmunología , Infección Latente/virología , Ratones , Vacunas/administración & dosificación
5.
Clin Immunol ; 227: 108727, 2021 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1193258

RESUMEN

With the global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the important role of natural killer (NK) cells in the control of various viral infections attracted more interest, via non-specific activation, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and activating receptors, as well as specific activation, such as memory-like NK generation. In response to different viral infections, NK cells fight viruses in different ways, and different NK subsets proliferate. For instance, cytomegalovirus (CMV) induces NKG2C + CD57 + KIR+ NK cells to expand 3-6 months after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces KIR3DS1+/KIR3DL1 NK cells to expand in the acute phase of infection. However, the similarities and differences among these processes and their molecular mechanisms have not been fully discussed. In this article, we provide a summary and comparison of antiviral mechanisms, unique subset expansion and time periods in peripheral blood and tissues under different conditions of CMV, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), COVID-19 and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Accordingly, we also discuss current clinical NK-associated antiviral applications, including cell therapy and NK-related biological agents, and we state the progress and future prospects of NK cell antiviral treatment.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/virología , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente de Anticuerpos , COVID-19/sangre , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/sangre , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/sangre , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/inmunología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/virología , VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Hepatitis B/sangre , Hepatitis B/inmunología , Hepatitis B/virología , Virus de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 4/inmunología , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo
6.
BMJ Case Rep ; 13(12)2020 Dec 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1020894

RESUMEN

We present a previously healthy man in his 30s who presented with typical viral prodrome symptoms and worsening abdominal pain. He was found to have portal vein thrombosis, with extensive hypercoagulability workup performed. It was determined that the aetiology of thrombus was secondary to acute cytomegalovirus infection. The patient was started on anticoagulation therapy, with later clot resolution demonstrated on abdominal Doppler ultrasound and abdominal CT scan. Given the atypical presentation of this common virus, we performed a literature review of cytomegalovirus-associated portal vein thrombosis in healthy individuals; we found that most patients present with non-specific symptoms of fever and abdominal pain in the setting of a viral prodrome. This case and literature review suggest physicians must consider cytomegalovirus-associated portal vein thrombosis as a potential diagnosis when patients present with abdominal pain and viral symptoms. The literature highlights the need for a consensus on anticoagulation and antiviral therapy.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , Vena Porta , Trombosis de la Vena/virología , Dolor Abdominal/etiología , Adulto , Anticoagulantes/uso terapéutico , Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea/virología , Angiografía por Tomografía Computarizada , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunocompetencia , Masculino , Vena Porta/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía Doppler , Trombosis de la Vena/diagnóstico por imagen , Trombosis de la Vena/tratamiento farmacológico
7.
Nat Rev Cardiol ; 18(3): 169-193, 2021 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-851285

RESUMEN

Inflammatory cardiomyopathy, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration into the myocardium and a high risk of deteriorating cardiac function, has a heterogeneous aetiology. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is predominantly mediated by viral infection, but can also be induced by bacterial, protozoal or fungal infections as well as a wide variety of toxic substances and drugs and systemic immune-mediated diseases. Despite extensive research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy complicated by left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or arrhythmia is associated with a poor prognosis. At present, the reason why some patients recover without residual myocardial injury whereas others develop dilated cardiomyopathy is unclear. The relative roles of the pathogen, host genomics and environmental factors in disease progression and healing are still under discussion, including which viruses are active inducers and which are only bystanders. As a consequence, treatment strategies are not well established. In this Review, we summarize and evaluate the available evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, with a special focus on virus-induced and virus-associated myocarditis. Furthermore, we identify knowledge gaps, appraise the available experimental models and propose future directions for the field. The current knowledge and open questions regarding the cardiovascular effects associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are also discussed. This Review is the result of scientific cooperation of members of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC, the Heart Failure Society of America and the Japanese Heart Failure Society.


Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatías/fisiopatología , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Miocarditis/fisiopatología , Virosis/fisiopatología , Animales , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Autoinmunidad/inmunología , Biopsia , COVID-19/fisiopatología , COVID-19/terapia , Cardiomiopatías/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatías/inmunología , Cardiomiopatías/terapia , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/terapia , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/terapia , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Infecciones por Echovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Echovirus/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Echovirus/terapia , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/inmunología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/terapia , Eritema Infeccioso/inmunología , Eritema Infeccioso/fisiopatología , Eritema Infeccioso/terapia , Infecciones por VIH/fisiopatología , Hepatitis C/inmunología , Hepatitis C/fisiopatología , Hepatitis C/terapia , Humanos , Inmunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapéutico , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Inflamación/diagnóstico , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/terapia , Gripe Humana/inmunología , Gripe Humana/fisiopatología , Gripe Humana/terapia , Leucocitos/inmunología , Miocarditis/diagnóstico , Miocarditis/inmunología , Miocarditis/terapia , Miocardio/patología , Pronóstico , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/fisiopatología
8.
Stroke ; 51(10): 3156-3168, 2020 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-748838

RESUMEN

Understanding the relationship between infection and stroke has taken on new urgency in the era of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This association is not a new concept, as several infections have long been recognized to contribute to stroke risk. The association of infection and stroke is also bidirectional. Although infection can lead to stroke, stroke also induces immune suppression which increases risk of infection. Apart from their short-term effects, emerging evidence suggests that poststroke immune changes may also adversely affect long-term cognitive outcomes in patients with stroke, increasing the risk of poststroke neurodegeneration and dementia. Infections at the time of stroke may also increase immune dysregulation after the stroke, further exacerbating the risk of cognitive decline. This review will cover the role of acute infections, including respiratory infections such as COVID-19, as a trigger for stroke; the role of infectious burden, or the cumulative number of infections throughout life, as a contributor to long-term risk of atherosclerotic disease and stroke; immune dysregulation after stroke and its effect on the risk of stroke-associated infection; and the impact of infection at the time of a stroke on the immune reaction to brain injury and subsequent long-term cognitive and functional outcomes. Finally, we will present a model to conceptualize the many relationships among chronic and acute infections and their short- and long-term neurological consequences. This model will suggest several directions for future research.


Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/epidemiología , Infecciones/epidemiología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiología , Arritmias Cardíacas/epidemiología , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Aterosclerosis/inmunología , Aterosclerosis/fisiopatología , Bacteriemia/epidemiología , Bacteriemia/inmunología , Bacteriemia/fisiopatología , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Enfermedad Crónica , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/fisiopatología , Endotelio/fisiopatología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/fisiopatología , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido/inmunología , Infecciones/inmunología , Infecciones/fisiopatología , Inflamación/inmunología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/inmunología , Gripe Humana/fisiopatología , Pandemias , Activación Plaquetaria , Agregación Plaquetaria , Neumonía/epidemiología , Neumonía/inmunología , Neumonía/fisiopatología , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/fisiopatología , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2 , Accidente Cerebrovascular/inmunología , Trombosis/epidemiología , Trombosis/inmunología , Infección por el Virus de la Varicela-Zóster/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus de la Varicela-Zóster/inmunología , Infección por el Virus de la Varicela-Zóster/fisiopatología
10.
Rev Med Virol ; 30(5): e2144, 2020 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-645890

RESUMEN

The significantly higher mortality rates seen in the elderly compared with young children during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic is likely to be driven in part by an impaired immune response in older individuals. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence approaches 80% in the elderly. CMV has been shown to accelerate immune ageing by affecting peripheral blood T cell phenotypes and increasing inflammatory mediated cytokines such as IL-6. The elderly with pre-existing but clinically silent CMV infection may therefore be particularly susceptible to severe Covid-19 disease and succumb to a cytokine storm which may have been promoted by CMV. Here, we evaluate the potential role of CMV in those with severe Covid-19 disease and consider how this relationship can be investigated in current research studies.


Asunto(s)
Betacoronavirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidad , Inmunosenescencia , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , COVID-19 , Niño , Coinfección , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/inmunología , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/mortalidad , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/virología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/inmunología , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/mortalidad , Neumonía Viral/virología , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Análisis de Supervivencia , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/patología , Linfocitos T/virología
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